八類較少見但實用的防災物資Eight Specialist Emergency Supplies Most Homes Do Not Already Own

先問：家中是否已經夠暖？First ask: is the home already covered?

• 每人先有乾爽衣物、厚被、毛毯或睡袋。
• 選一個較小、少漏風的房間活動及休息；關上不用的房門。
• 如已有足夠寢具，暖包才是簡單、低成本的補充。

• First make sure each person has dry layers and warm bedding, blankets or a sleeping bag.
• Use a smaller, less draughty room and close unused doors.
• Where bedding is already sufficient, heat packs are a simple, low-cost addition.

它們不能做甚麼What they cannot do

• 不能把房間變暖，也不能取代厚被或睡袋。
• 可充電款的電量耗盡後便停止供暖，不是三日保暖主力。
• 絕不可因此在室內用炭爐、BBQ、戶外爐或發電機取暖。

• They do not heat a room or replace bedding.
• Rechargeable warmth ends when the battery is empty, so it is not a three-day mainstay.
• Never heat indoors with charcoal, BBQs, outdoor stoves or generators.

用途與原理Purpose and principle

英國常見的空氣啟動款含鐵粉、活性碳、水及輔助材料。拆開外袋，氧氣穿過袋面，鐵粉氧化（受控「生鏽」）並放熱；所以它不是電池，也不能再充電、微波或烘熱重用。

Common UK air-activated packs use iron powder, activated carbon, water and supporting materials. Opening the outer pouch lets oxygen reach the iron, which oxidises and releases heat. It is not a battery and must not be recharged, microwaved or reheated.

如何使用／如何選Use and choose

按標示選暖手、暖腳或身體款；暖腳款一般放在襪外、鞋內，不是直接貼皮膚。比較用途、每包數量、到期日及包裝所列「最長發熱時間」；例如 HotHands 足部款最長約 8 小時，但不同款式相差很大。

Choose hand, foot or body styles as labelled. Foot warmers normally go outside the sock, inside the shoe—not on bare skin. Compare intended use, pack count, expiry and the stated maximum duration; HotHands foot warmers list up to about 8 hours, but products vary widely.

用途與原理Purpose and principle

內置鋰電池把電送到發熱元件，再由金屬外殼或發熱面傳到手掌。它不是「儲熱」：電量耗盡便停止。產品所寫 3–6 小時或更長，通常是低檔、指定環境下的數字；越冷或開得越熱，時間越短。

An internal lithium battery powers a heating element, which transfers warmth through the casing or heating surface. It does not store heat: warmth ends with the charge. Claims of 3–6 hours or more are commonly at a low setting in stated conditions; cold weather and higher heat shorten runtime.

如何使用／如何選Use and choose

比較低／高檔續航、USB-C 充電、清楚的溫度檔位、說明書及售後資料。如有 Wh（瓦時）會比只看 mAh 更容易比較儲電量。兼作 power bank 代表手機與保暖共用同一電量，不能兩邊都預計用足。

Compare low- and high-setting runtime, USB-C charging, clear heat levels, a manual and support information. Wh (watt-hours), where shown, is easier to compare than mAh alone. A power-bank function shares one battery between phone charging and warmth.

用途與原理Purpose and principle

身體躺、坐或跪在石屎、車廂地板或濕地時會不停失熱。閉孔泡棉內的氣泡不易吸水，能形成較可靠的隔熱層；它不會發熱，但能減慢地面吸走體溫。

When you lie, sit or kneel on concrete, a vehicle floor or wet ground, heat is continually lost. Closed-cell foam resists water absorption and creates a reliable insulation layer. It does not generate heat; it slows heat loss to the ground.

如何使用／如何選Use and choose

先鋪墊，才坐或鑽進睡袋；可放在睡袋下，也可摺起作坐墊。選可摺或可捲、展開後能覆蓋軀幹長度、表面不易吸水的閉孔泡棉款。充氣墊較舒適但可能漏氣；撤離後備以泡棉較穩陣。

Lay it down before sitting or getting into a sleeping bag. Use it under the bag or folded as a seat pad. Choose a foldable or rollable closed-cell foam mat that covers the torso length and resists water. Inflatable mats can be comfier but may puncture; foam is the steadier evacuation backup.

最有用情境Best use case

• 要疏散，而背包重量及體積有限。
• 停電停水，完全不能加熱或煮食。
• 平日食物用完後的一層封存後備。

• Evacuation with tight weight and space limits.
• No safe cooking or heating route.
• A sealed fallback after familiar food is used.

未必適合When it is a poor fit

• 居家儲糧：罐頭、燕麥餅及長效奶通常價格較低，也較容易入口。
• 對麩質、大豆或其他食物敏感，但尚未核對標籤的人士。
• 誤以為包裝標示「72 hour」，便足以提供一名成人三日所需的全部食物。

• Home stores, where familiar long-life food is usually cheaper and more palatable.
• Anyone who has not checked allergens.
• Assuming a “72 hour” label equals three full days of adult energy.

實用選購重點What to choose

• 清楚標示適合飲用水／food grade。
• 闊口，方便伸手或使用刷具清洗。
• 密封蓋不漏水；水龍頭可拆洗，並附有備用墊圈更佳。
• 方形設計可直立及方便收納；兩個較小的儲水桶亦可減少單一容器漏水的風險。

• Explicitly food-grade / suitable for potable water.
• A wide opening that can be cleaned properly.
• A leakproof cap and removable, cleanable tap.
• A stable shape; two smaller carriers reduce single-point failure.

容量不宜過大Do not oversize it

• 一公升水約重一公斤；15公升容器裝滿後已約重15公斤，尚未計算容器重量。
• 20公升容器對長者、兒童或需要上下樓梯的家庭而言可能過重。
• 購買後應先注滿水，測試手柄、蓋及水龍頭，切勿待停水時才首次試用。

• One litre of water weighs about one kilogram; a full 15L carrier is about 15kg before the container.
• 20L may be too heavy for stairs, children or older adults.
• Fill-test the handle, cap and tap before an outage.

購買時檢查四項資料Four checks

• 每片可處理多少公升，不應只比較片數。
• 有效日期及未開封時的保存方法。
• 所需等待時間；不同產品及病原體的要求可能相差甚遠。
• 成分屬氯類還是二氧化氯，並須嚴格按照包裝所列劑量使用。

• Litres treated per tablet—not merely tablet count.
• Expiry and sealed-storage requirements.
• Contact time, which varies by product and organism.
• Chlorine versus chlorine dioxide; follow the exact dose.

不能處理的污染What tablets do not solve

• 泥沙：混濁水須先按照官方指引過濾。
• 鹽水、燃油、農藥、重金屬或其他溶解化學物。
• 放射性污染。
• 水務公司發出的「Do Not Drink／Do Not Use」通知。

• Sediment; cloudy water needs pre-filtration as instructed.
• Salt, fuel, pesticides, heavy metals or other dissolved chemicals.
• Radiological contamination.
• A water-company “Do Not Drink / Do Not Use” notice.

如何使用How to use it

• 只處理製造商明確列明可用的水源。
• 保持出水端清潔，避免已處理的水再次受到污染。
• 按說明反沖洗、晾乾及防止濾芯結冰。

• Use only with water sources explicitly allowed by the maker.
• Keep the clean-water outlet free from cross-contamination.
• Backwash, dry and protect the cartridge from freezing as instructed.

如何選擇What to choose

• 查看廠方列明可處理的微生物，不應只看「過濾精度」的宣傳字句。
• 比較處理容量、流速、反沖洗方法及替換零件。
• 確認軟水袋、喉管及接頭可單獨補購。

• Check the organisms covered, not only headline pore-size claims.
• Compare capacity, flow rate, backwashing and replacement parts.
• Check whether pouches, hoses and connectors can be replaced.

與微濾器有何分別How it differs from a microfilter

• 產品應清楚列明可處理的病毒、細菌及寄生蟲，而非只寫「淨化」。
• 部分濾芯另有活性碳層，可減少指定化學物、氣味或味道；能力必須按個別規格判斷。
• 較多處理層通常代表較重、流速較低及濾芯成本較高。

• It should state virus, bacteria and parasite performance, not merely say “purifies”.
• Some cartridges add activated carbon for specified chemicals, tastes or odours; capabilities are product-specific.
• Broader treatment usually adds weight, slower flow and cartridge cost.

如何使用及選擇How to use and choose

• 按說明完成按壓或泵水步驟，避免出水端接觸未處理的水。
• 比較可處理的污染物、濾芯壽命、更換成本、重量及處理速度。
• 購買前先確認英國可否長期取得替換濾芯。

• Follow the pressing or pumping method and protect the clean-water outlet.
• Compare stated contaminants, cartridge life, replacement cost, weight and speed.
• Check long-term UK availability of replacement cartridges.

先核對三件事Check three things first

• 說明書必須明確允許室內煮食；未有清楚列明時，便不要在室內使用。
• 只購買製造商指定接口的氣罐。常見長身227g卡式丁烷罐與螺紋露營罐不互通。
• 先在平日試用，按說明書的耗氣量和你家的餐次計算後備罐數，而不是只按「幾罐裝」購買。

• The manual must explicitly permit indoor cooking; if it does not, do not use it indoors.
• Buy only the cartridge connection specified by the maker. Common long 227g cassette-butane cans and threaded backpacking canisters are not interchangeable.
• Test it in normal times and calculate backup cans from the manual's consumption figure and your planned meals—not simply by pack size.

使用及存放Use and storage

• 放在穩固、耐熱平面，保持周邊通風，遠離窗簾、紙張及其他易燃物。
• 用完即拆下氣罐；將氣罐置於陰涼、乾爽及遠離熱源處，勿長期放在車內。
• 不可使用露營爐、BBQ、炭爐或發電機作室內替代品；一氧化碳警報器不能令錯誤使用變得安全。

• Use on a stable, heat-resistant surface with ventilation, away from curtains, paper and other flammables.
• Remove the cartridge after use; store it cool, dry and away from heat, never long-term in a car.
• Never substitute an outdoor camping stove, barbecue, charcoal burner or generator indoors; a CO alarm does not make unsafe use safe.

應放置甚麼What to keep inside

• 打印的緊急聯絡資料、保單資料及重要文件副本。
• 少量備用現金及不含敏感密碼的必要資料。
• 重要原件另行安全存放，並建立加密雲端備份。

• Printed emergency contacts, insurance details and copies of key documents.
• A small amount of cash and essential information without sensitive passwords.
• Store originals securely elsewhere and keep encrypted cloud backups.

如何選擇What to choose

• 查看是否容納A4文件，以及封口、拉鏈與接縫能否防止潑濺。
• 如聲稱耐火，應查看清楚列明的測試條件、時間及溫度，不應只依賴「fireproof」字樣。
• 選擇可放入緊急疏散袋、由家人容易攜帶的尺寸。

• Check A4 fit and whether the closure, zip and seams resist splashes.
• For fire-resistance claims, look for stated test conditions, time and temperature—not only the word “fireproof”.
• Choose a size that fits the grab bag and can be carried easily.