72小時家庭應急準備清單72-Hour Household Emergency Checklist for UK Families

與一般儲水桶有何分別：產品具有「food grade／potable water」標示，物料、內壁及密封設計適合盛載飲用水；一般收納桶或清潔桶未必具備可盛載飲用水的證明。

How it differs: it is marked food-grade or suitable for potable water, with materials and seals intended for drinking water. An ordinary storage or cleaning bucket may not be approved for this use.

如何使用／如何選擇：停水時可到派水點取水，或用作短期盛載飲用水。宜選10–15L、闊口易清洗、密封不漏及附有水龍頭的款式；15L水裝滿後約重15kg。切勿使用曾盛載化學品的容器。

Use / choose: collect or hold water temporarily during an outage. Look for 10–15L, a wide cleanable opening, leakproof cap and tap. A full 15L carrier weighs about 15kg. Never reuse a chemical container.

用途與原理：利用氯或二氧化氯等成分處理水中的指定微生物；淨水片並非濾網，不能去除泥沙、鹽、重金屬或放射性污染。

What it is: chlorine or chlorine-dioxide products that disinfect against specified microorganisms. They are not filters and do not remove sediment, salt, heavy metals or radiological contamination.

如何使用／如何選擇：必須按照產品列明的每片處理容量及等待時間使用，並查看有效日期。不同產品的濃度不可互相推算；一切應以水務公司的通知為準。

Use / choose: follow the exact litres-per-tablet dose and contact time, and check expiry. Do not transfer instructions between products. Water-company notices always take priority.

用途與原理：讓水通過精細濾膜；常見個人款可隔除泥沙、細菌及寄生蟲，但一般不能處理病毒、溶解化學物或鹽水。

What it is: water passes through a fine membrane. Common personal models remove sediment, bacteria and parasites, but usually not viruses, dissolved chemicals or salt.

如何使用／如何選擇：只可用於廠方列明的水源。選購時應比較處理容量、流速、反沖洗方法及替換零件；切勿自行假設洪水或帶有化學氣味的水可安全飲用。

Use / choose: use only with water sources allowed by the maker. Compare capacity, flow rate, backwashing and spare parts. Never assume floodwater or chemically scented water is safe.

用途與原理：只有明確標示為 purifier，並列明可處理病毒等污染物的產品，才可視為比一般微濾器提供更廣泛的處理能力；不同濾芯的效能差異很大。

What it is: only products explicitly rated as purifiers, with stated virus and contaminant performance, provide broader treatment than a basic microfilter. Cartridge capabilities vary widely.

如何使用／如何選擇：按壓或泵水時必須嚴格按照說明。選購時應查看可處理的污染物、濾芯壽命、更換成本及重量；任何產品均不能取代官方的「Do Not Drink／Do Not Use」通知。

Use / choose: follow the pressing or pumping instructions. Check stated contaminants, cartridge life, replacement cost and weight. It never overrides an official Do Not Drink or Do Not Use notice.

用途與原理：這類產品是壓縮、高熱量、可直接食用的長效口糧，優點是體積小且毋須烹煮，適合放入緊急疏散袋，或在短暫無法準備食物時使用。

What it is: compact, calorie-dense, ready-to-eat rations. Their main benefit is portability and no cooking, making them useful in grab bags or short no-food-preparation periods.

如何使用／如何選擇：應查看整包的總熱量，不應只比較內含多少塊。常見500g包裝約含2,300–2,500 kcal，大約只相當於一名成人一日所需的能量；另須查閱致敏原及收貨時的實際到期日。

Use / choose: check total pack calories, not just the number of bars. A common 500g pack has about 2,300–2,500 kcal—roughly one adult-day. Check allergens and the delivered expiry date.

最有用情境：家中主要使用電磁爐或電爐，停電時仍想煲水、加熱罐頭或煮簡單食物。它是居家後備，不是緊急疏散袋必備物。

Best use case: homes that rely on electric hobs and want to boil water, heat tins or make simple food during a power cut. This is home backup, not a grab-bag essential.

如何選擇／使用：只選製造商明確列為可室內煮食的卡式爐，並只使用其指定接口的氣罐；常見長身227g卡式丁烷罐與螺紋露營罐並不互通。平日應試用一次，按說明書的耗氣量計算所需後備量，並把氣罐與爐具分開、陰涼存放。

Use / choose: choose only a cassette stove the maker explicitly permits for indoor cooking, and use the stated cartridge connection. Common long 227g cassette-butane cans and threaded backpacking canisters are not interchangeable. Test it once, calculate backup fuel from the manual's consumption figure, and store fuel cool and separately from the stove.

用途與原理：銀色薄膜有助減少身體散熱，但本身不會產生熱力。平面保溫毯最輕便；袋形 bivvy 的包覆較完整。

What it is: reflective film that helps reduce heat loss but produces no heat. A flat sheet is lightest; a bivvy encloses the body more fully.

如何使用／如何選擇：應包裹身體乾爽的人，保持口鼻暢通，並配合乾爽衣物、普通毛毯及地面隔熱。緊急疏散袋可選平面款；如需要較完整包覆，才考慮袋形或較耐用的款式。

Use / choose: wrap a dry person while keeping the face clear, with dry layers, normal blankets and ground insulation. Choose a flat sheet for minimum pack size or a bivvy for fuller coverage.

用途與原理：防水拉鏈袋主要保護文件免受雨水及潑濺；聲稱防火的款式屬另一類產品，其保護程度取決於物料及測試資料，並不能取代保險箱。

What it is: a zipped waterproof pouch mainly protects against rain and splashes. Fire-resistant bags are a different category; protection depends on materials and test evidence and they are not safes.

如何使用／如何選擇：可在緊急疏散袋內存放打印聯絡資料及文件副本；重要原件應另行安全存放，並建立雲端備份。選購時應比較尺寸、封口及清楚列明的測試資料；火警時絕不能為取回文件袋而折返。

Use / choose: keep printed contacts and copies in the grab bag, with originals and cloud backups stored separately. Compare size, closure and stated testing. Never re-enter a fire to retrieve it.

它解決的不是「全屋變暖」，而是冬夜停電後冰冷手腳怎樣舒服一點。厚被、毛毯、乾爽衣物及關上不用房門仍是主力；暖包只在家中已有基本寢具後，補一個小但實在的缺口。

This does not heat a whole home; it helps with cold hands and feet on a winter outage night. Warm bedding, blankets, dry layers and closed unused doors remain the mainstay. Heat packs only fill a small but useful gap once those basics are covered.

時間及怎樣選：一次性款必須看該款包裝的「最長發熱時間」、用途及到期日；例如英國 HotHands 足部款列為最長約8小時，不代表所有暖包都一樣。暖腳款應按說明貼在襪子外側，不要當暖手款用。可充電款要同時看低／高檔的續航、USB-C 充電、清楚的說明書及售後資料；不要只看 mAh，如有 Wh（瓦時）會更容易比較。所謂 power-bank 功能是與保暖共用同一粒電，不能預計兩邊都用足。

Runtime and choosing: for disposables, compare the stated maximum duration, intended body area and expiry date. HotHands UK lists up to 8 hours for its foot warmer; that does not make every heat pack an eight-hour product. Foot warmers go on the outside of a sock, not in place of a hand warmer. For rechargeable models, compare low- and high-setting runtime, USB-C charging, a clear manual and support details. Do not judge by mAh alone; Wh is easier to compare when shown. A power-bank function shares its battery with warmth, so do not expect full use of both.

還有兩樣，但不要誤當主力：有可靠而安全的煲水方法（例如家中仍可正常使用的煤氣煮食爐）時，熱水袋可作短時間局部保暖；沒有煲水條件便不算停電方案，亦不應用作處理低溫症。按壓金屬片即發熱的可重用 click 暖包，多為醋酸鈉結晶，常見約45分鐘；要煮回透明液體才可再次使用，較適合平日外出，不值得當三日備災物資囤積。

Two more items, but neither is a mainstay: a hot-water bottle can give short local warmth only where there is a reliable, safe way to boil water (for example, a working gas cooking hob). Without that, it is not a power-cut solution and it is not a treatment for hypothermia. Reusable click warmers crystallise sodium acetate when their metal disc is flexed and commonly give about 45 minutes; they must be boiled back to a clear liquid before reuse, making them a day-to-day outdoor item rather than something to stock for a three-day emergency.

安全使用：所有暖包均按包裝指示使用；不要長時間直接貼皮膚、不要睡覺時使用，也不要讓嬰幼兒自行使用。可充電款如有凹陷、膨脹、異味、過熱或入水，應停止使用；不可在床上、被鋪下或無人看管時充電。持續發冷、混亂、說話含糊或異常嗜睡可能是低溫症，應盡快求助。

Use safely: follow the product label; do not keep a warmer directly against skin for long periods, use it while sleeping or leave babies and young children to use it alone. Stop using a rechargeable model if it is dented, swollen, smells unusual, overheats or gets wet; do not charge it in bed, under bedding or unattended. Persistent shivering, confusion, slurred speech or unusual drowsiness can indicate hypothermia and need prompt help.